16. I’ve just… I’ve already… I haven’t… yet
- just
- already
- yet
We use ago with the past(started/did/had/was etc)
She arrived in Ireland three days ago
20. I have done (present perfect) and I did (past)
With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the past (arrived / saw / was etc)
Do not use the present perfect (have arrived / have done / have been etc.) with a finished time.
25. What are you doing tomorrow?
I am doing something tomorrow = I have arranged to do it, I have a plan to do it
Sophie is going to the dentist on Friday (= she has an appointment with the dentist)
Be careful! Do not use the present simple(I stay / do you go etc.) to say what somebody has arranged to do.
I’m staying at home this evening. (not I stay)
But we use the present simple for timetables, programmes, trains, buses etc:
The train arrives at 7:30
33. I have to…
I have to do something = it is necessary for me to do it, I am obliged to do it.
You can use must or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion
When you are not giving your personal opinion, use have to (not must).
39. there /was/were there has/have been | there will be
- Look! There’s been an accident. (there’s been = there has been)
- This road is very dangerout. There have been many accidents.
42. too/eight so am I / neither do I etc.
too and either
We use too and either at the end of a sentence
so am I / neither do I etc.
so am I = I am too | so have I = I have too (etc)
neither am I = I’m not either = neither can I = I can’t either (etc.)
You can also use Nor (= Neither):
I’m not married.
Nor am I. or Neithwe am I.
48. How long does it take …?
- How long does it take from … to …?
- How long does it take to do something?
- How long does it take you to do something?
53. I want you to… I told you to…
make and let
After make and let, we do not use to
He’s very funny. He makes me laugh. (not makes me to laugh)
You can say Let’s… (= Let us) when you want people to do things with you.
54. I went to the shop to…
to… and for…
I went to the shop to get a newspaper. (not for get)
I went to the shop for a newspaper.
55. go to … go on… go for… go -ing
- go to…(go to work / go to London / go to a concert etc.)
- go to sleep = start to sleep
- go home (without to)
- go on… (holiday / a trip / a tour / an excursion / a cruise / strike)
- go for…
- go + -ing
56. get
- get a letter / get a job etc. (get + noun) + receive / buy / find
- get hungry / get cold / get tired etc. (get + adjective) = become
- get to a place = arrive
- get here / there (without to)
- get home (without to)
- get in (a car)
- get out (of a car)
- get on
- get off
64. -s’ (Kate’s camera / my brother’s car etc)
friend’s and friend’s
my friend’s house = one friend (= his house or her house)
my friends’ house = two or more friends (= their house)
75. one / ones
one (= a …)
Which one? = Which hat?
one = hat / car / girl etc.
Which ones? = which flowers?
ones = flowers / cars / girls etc.
77. not + any / no / none
no + noun (no cars/ no garden etc.) = not any or not a
There are no cars in the park. (= there aren’t any cars)
negative verb + any = positive verb + no
They haven’t got any children. or They’ve got no children. (not They haven’t got no children)
Noe is an answer for How much? / How many? (things or people)
How much money have you got?
No-one is an answer for Who
Who did you meet? No-one Nobody
78. not + anybody/anyone/anything | nobody/no-one/nothing
- nobody = not + anybody / no-one = not + anyone
- I’m lonely. I’ve got nobody to talk to. (= I haven’t go anything)
- nothing = not + anything
- She said nothing. (= She didn’t say anything)
You can use nobody/no-one/nothing at the begining of a sentence or alone (to answer a question)
The house is empty. Nobody lives there. (not Anybody lives there)
Nothing happened (not Anything happened)
Remember:
- negative verb + anybody/anyone/anything
- positive verb + nobody/no-one/nothing
79. somebody/anything/nowhere etc.
- something/anything etc. + adjective (big/cheap/interesting etc.)
- Did you meet anybody interesting at the party.
- something/anybody etc. + to…
- I’m hungry. I want something to eat. (= something that I can eat)
81. all most some any no/none
most/some etc. + noun | ||
---|---|---|
all | cities | |
most | of | childtrn |
some | of | books |
any | of | money |
no | of |
Most children like playing. (= children in general)
most of / some of etc. + the/this/my… | ||
---|---|---|
all | (of) | the… |
most | of | this/that … |
some | of | these/those … |
any | of | my/your … |
none | of |
Most of the children at this school are under 11 years old.
most/some etc. + noun | ||
---|---|---|
all | of | it |
most | of | them |
some | of | us |
any | of | you |
no | of |
Most children like playing. (= children in general)
83. a lot / much / many
we use much in questions and negative sentences
- Do you drink much coffee?
- I don’t drink much coffee.
But we do not often use much in positive sentences:
- I drink a lot of coffee. (not I drink much coffee)
- ‘Do you drink much coffee?’ ‘Yes, a lot.’ (not Yes, much)
We use many and a lot of in all types of sentences (positive/negative/question)
You can use much and a lot without a noun
Donna spoke to me, but she didn’t say much
86. quickly/badyly/suddenly etc. (adverbs)
These words are adjectives and adverbs
- hard
- fast
- late
- early
- well
88. older than… more expensive than…
- We use than after comparatives (older than… / more expensive than… etc.)
- We usually say: than me / than him / than her / than us / than them
- I can run faster than him. or I can run faster than he can.
- more / less than | They’ve got more money than they need.
- a bit older / much older etc. | Box A is a bit bigger than Box B.
89. not as… as
Compare not as … as and than:
Rome is not as old as Athens. -> Athens is older than Rome. (not older as Rome)
She’s not as old as him. or She’s not as old as he is.
We say the same as …:
The weather today id the same as yesterday.
91. enough
- enough for somebody/something
- enough to do something
- enough for somebody/something to do something
This pullover isn’t big enough for me.
I haven’t got enough money to buy a new car. (not for buy)
There aren’t enough chirs for everbody to sit down
92. too
Compare too and not enough
- The hat is too big for him
- The hat isn’t big enough for him. (= it’s too small)
- too … for somebody/something
- too … to do something
- too … for somebody to do something
94. always/usually/often etc.
- Always/never etc. are before the verb
- But always/never etc. are after am/is/are/was/were
- Always/never etc. are between two verbs (have … been / can … find etc)
96. Give me that book! Give it to me!
You can say:
- I gave the keys to Sarah.
- I gave Sarah the keys.
We prefer the first structure (give something to somebody with it or them)
I gave it to her. (not I gave her it)
97. and but or so because
and but or so because
We use these words (conjunctions) to join two sentences. They make one longer sentence from two shorter sentences.
and / but / or
sentenceA | sentence B | |
---|---|---|
We stayed at home | and | (we)⭐ watched television. |
My sister is married | and | (she)⭐ lives in London. |
He doesn’t like her, | and | she doesn’t like him |
I bought a newspaper, | but | I didn’t read it. |
It’s a nice house, | but | it hasn’t got a garden. |
Do you want to go out, | or | are you too tired? |
⭐ It is not necessary to repeat ‘we’ and ‘she’
In list, we use commas(,). We use and before the last thing:
- I got home, had something to eat, say down in an armchair and fell asleep.
- Karen is at work, Sue has gone shopping and Chris is playing football.
So (the result of something)
It was very hot, so I opened the window.
Because (the reason for something)
I opened the window because it was very hot.
Because is also possible at the beginning:
Because it was very hot, I opened the window.
I these examples there is more than one conjunction:
- It was late and I was tired, so I went to bed.
- I always enjoy visiting London, but I wouldn’t like to live there because it’s too big.
98. When…
When I went out, it was raining.
It was raining when I went out.
We write a comma (,) if When… if at the begainning.
We do the same in sentences with before/while/after
100. If I had… If we went… etc.
Compare:
if I have / if it is etc.
I must go and see Helen. If I have time, I will go today. (= maybe I’ll have time, so maybe I’ll go)
if I had / if it was etc.
I must go and see Helen. If I had time, I would go today. (= I don’t have time today, so I will not go)
103. at 8 o’clock / on Monday / in Aprial
at
- at 8 o’clock
- at the weekend
- at night
- at Christmas / at Easter
- at the end of …
- at the moment
on
- on Sunday(s) / Monday(s) etc.
- on 25 Aprial / 6 June etc.
- on New Year’s Day etc.
in
- in the morning / afternoon / evening (but on Monday morning)
- in April / in June etc.
- in 2003 / 1968 etc.
- in summer / spring etc
We do not use at/on/in before
- this… (this morning / this week etc.)
- last… (last August / last week etc.)
- next… (next Monday / next week etc.)
- every… (every day / every week etc.)
Are you going out this evening?
We go on holiday every summer. Last summer we went to Canada.
I’m leaving next Monday. (not on next Monday)
in five minutes / in a few days / in six weeks / in two years etc.
Hurry! The train leaves in five minutes. (= it leaves five minutes from now)
104. from…to until / until / since / for
from… to…
I work from Monday to Friday
You can also say from… until…
We lived in Japan from 1992 until 2001
until (until Friday / until I come back / till = until)
They’ll be away until Friday.
Compare
- How long will you be away? -> Until Monday
- When are you coming back? -> On Monday